Single camera techniques
Formats
Television serial
A television serial is when the episodes are sequential, and so therefore the plot runs to the next episode. Therefore, viewers generally watch serials in chronoligal order so that the storylines can be easily followed and understand. Therefore, the defining point between a serial and a series is that a serial is not self contained- the story doesn't start, develop and finish in one episode, but rather flows onto the next episode. Another key feature of a serial is that they
Soap operas are the most notable examples of a television serial, as viewers have to understand the previous episodes in order to fully grasp the plot of the current episode. Some soap operas include flashbacks at the beginning of each episode in order for viewers to understand the context of the current episode.
Hollyoaks is a good example of a serial drama/soap opera. It is aired 52 weeks a year, which is typical of most soap operas. Soap operas like Hollyoaks are ideal programs to produce in a serial format, because they focus on characters in a specific setting, such as Hollyoaks village. Therefore, the episodes focus on stories of characters in the village, and new characters are regularly introduced as 'newcomers', while people can exit the show through death or leaving Hollyoaks.
Hollyoaks has no set number of episodes, unlike series which have a definite end. Also, there is no distinction between seasons- episodes simply run one after the other and the plot follows through from the previous episode. Therefore, storylines are continuously being evolved and resolved.
Television series
On the other hand television series have a set number of episodes which are usually split into seasons- each season is usually once a year, although may be twice a year. Therefore, storylines have a definite end to them. Although storylines from an episode influence the next episode, viewers can watch an episode on its own and still understand the concept and story. Series usually have between 3 and 24 episodes in each season, and there is a limited number of seasons.An example of a British television series is Skins, which spanned six seasons from start to finish. In contrary to most television series which include the primary cast through to the end of the seasons, skins replaced its primary cast every two years.
Each episode often revolved around a central character, and the whole storyline developed and resolved in one episode, as seen in the video above of series 2 episode 4.
Another example of a television series is Desperate housewives, in which storyline covers thirteen years of the women's lives over eight seasons, set between the years 2004–2008, and later 2013–2017 (the story arc included a 5 year passage of time). Therefore, there were 8 series in total. The show followed the lives of five women, focusing on their domestic struggles as well as the crimes that surfaced every season.
TV and Cinema film
Most single dramas or feature length films are distributed through cinemas, although some may be made specifically for television. A notable example of a television film would be ABC's the day after which aired in 1983 and was viewed by 100 million people.
Cinema films are between 70-210 minutes and primarily released in cinemas before being made available for DVD and blu ray, internet streaming and television airing. They can be a single film such as Bride and Prejudice (2004), twelve years a slave (2013) etc, or part of a longer franchise such as Twilight, Hunger games, etc. James Bond is the longest film franchise, with 24 films, from 1962 - 2012.
Cinema films are between 70-210 minutes and primarily released in cinemas before being made available for DVD and blu ray, internet streaming and television airing. They can be a single film such as Bride and Prejudice (2004), twelve years a slave (2013) etc, or part of a longer franchise such as Twilight, Hunger games, etc. James Bond is the longest film franchise, with 24 films, from 1962 - 2012.
One off broadcast
A one off broadcast is one which is aired on television and doesn't have any series or parts, and so is a single program. Most one off broadcasts are documentaries,although an example of a one off drama would be Everyday, as broadcast in 2012 - http://www.channel4.com/programmes/everyday/4odDuration
Duration for television programs varies between public and commercial channels. For example, Eastenders, a TV serial, lasts for roughly 29 minutes every episode, allowing for the 10-30 seconds for advertisment. Coronation street however, lasts between 20-25 minutes, allowing for advertisments through the middle of each episode. An hour long TV series on the BBC such as waterloo road lasts for 59 minutes as opposed to an hour long TV series on channel 4 which lasts for 47 minutes, containing three parts with advertisments in between.
Feature films such as 12 years a slave last between 70-210 minutes, although the average running time is 90 minutes.
Genre
In film and television, genre refers to the similarities in narrative elements in which films are constructed. Most films and television programs can be defined to one genre, although there are many cross genres and sub genres.
A period drama is a type of drama which is set in a specific time or place, usually a well known historical era. Therefore, period dramas often feature characters based on real historical figures, where the story interprets what happened at that specific time. Period dramas also copy the costumes, set and style of that era, and so are also known as costume dramas. Period dramas therefore aim to be accurate in their intepretation of the chosen era. For example, all aspects of costume, location, language and dialogue, character professions and contexts are carefully researched and selected.
A good example of a period drama series which interprets a real historical era would be Downdon Abbey.
'The series, set in the fictional Yorkshire country estate of Downton Abbey, depicts the lives of the aristocratic Crawley family and their servants in the post-Edwardian era—with the great events in history having an effect on their lives and on the British social hierarchy' (Wikipedia).
As seen in the video above, voiceover is used to inform the audience about the topic. Actuality footage is incorporated to make the audience understand the real topic through, while appearing genuine. Music, camera techniques and interviews are all used to enhance audience experience and make the documentary appear credible and believable to the audience.
Horror films primarily aim to scare, shock and terrorise the audience, by playing on their primal fears. Common themes include the supernatural, death and the dead, killing and murder, blood and gore, violence and fear of being chased.
Story lines usually revolve around a character or group of characters as the main 'protagonists' who discover the horrific evil character or 'antagonist' and so the story revolves around their attempts to flee from the antagonist or try to fight them.
Usually, the film starts in a macabre or otherwise unsettling location, such as an old town or haunted house. The characters often go on a journey together and end up stranded in a forest, and then discover the 'antagonist', and try to get to safety.
Usually, characters are often split into the 'clever' characters, who understand how to fight the character, and the'dumb' ones, who don't know how to get to safety, and so are the first to die. Often, the protagonist is unaware of the danger until later on where they are caught by surprise.
The ending often features the characters defeating the 'antagonist' or understanding their weakness.
The most popular example of horror film would be The Excorcist (1973). This film is one of the best selling movies of all time, and was also hugely influential as well as controversial for its portrayal of child demonic possession and excorcism. It is also identified as a supernatural horror, a subgenre of horror which revolves around the supernatural- ghosts, death, posession and spirits.
The film revolves around the family's attempts to 'cure' their daughter of her demonic possession and so this storyline was groundbreaking at that time, as horror films revolving around child demonic possession were rare. Therefore, the exorcism also gave rise to the supernatural horror genre, as horror films would include similar story lines as opposed to the traditional chase and flee story-lines of older horror films.
Other subgenres of horror films are slasher, which focus on extreme graphic violence and gore. A notable example which popularised the term 'slasher' would be Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974) where a group of friends are on their way to their Grandfather's grave and soon run out of gas. Then, they discover a small house and visit it in hopes of getting some petrol, which is when Leather face the main protagonist starts to kill and butcher the group.
This storyline is therefore a typical 'fight and flee' storyline, as Sally is the only protagonist who manages to escape alive, while the rest are killed and tortured.
Other subgenres of horror include; action horror, where guns and other content typically used in action films is included gothic horror which focuses on locations such as old castles, haunted house etc, a notable example being Frankenstein, and science fiction horror.
A soap opera is a type of serial drama which centres around a fictional location, usually a town or village, and features a cast of characters representing the residents of the place. As explained before, soap operas have no definite end and episodes typically air 4-5 days a week, 52 weeks a year.
Soap operas feature realistic storylines which are dramatised in order to appeal to the audience and create suspense. Storylines include; relationship issues, family and friends issues, gangs, killings, etc, depending on the type of soap opera.
A popular example of a soap opera would be Eastenders.
The soap opera, set in fictional Albert square in Walford London, is aired 4 days a week, and features a continuous line up of cast as the residents- some residents are long term permanent, while others come and go. As seen in this Episode from 24 April, the storylines are realistic and multi stand. For example, this episode focuses on the Beale Family after Lucy Beale's murder. This storyline is typical of storylines in soap operas, as it is realistically shown, although has been selected for its drama and entertainment value.
Camera techniques aim to convey action and facial expressions realistically, as seen in the episode. Also, cast, costumes, behaviours, accents and language are all typical of East London, and so convey a realistic representation.
In short, soap operas like Eastenders mirror everyday life through their storylines, cast and cinematic techniques, although these are all heightened to be as dramatic as possible, in order to entertain the audience.
In film and television, genre refers to the similarities in narrative elements in which films are constructed. Most films and television programs can be defined to one genre, although there are many cross genres and sub genres.
Drama
Dramas are films or television programs which aim to dramatise a situation, often focusing on realistic storylines, events and characters. Dramas can be very diverse, ranging from Desperate housewives which focuses on the mysteries five women try to uncover in a suburban American neighbourhood, through to Skins which is a teen drama, focusing on real issues such as sex, drugs, alcohol, relationships, eating disorders, etc.
This episode from skins series 5 shows the typical conventions of teen Dramas. For example, this episode focuses on Franky's social struggles as she tries to fit in with the gang and make friends despide Minnie's bullying. This episode features several stages; the beginning stage where the viewer is introduced to Franky's background and situation, and is shown how she is different to typical people at the college and so is subject to bullying. The viewer is also shown the 'fake friends' storyline, which is where Mini befriends Franky only to take advantage of her. This is typical of teen dramas which often focus on friendship, social hierarchy and struggles to achieve popularity, and betrayal.
After this, Mini learns of Franky's past bullying and so understands why Franky is insecure. Franky however is still upset from Mini's betrayal and so burns her dress. She is then introduced to a mystery love interest.
Near the end of the episode, Franky gains true friendship from Liv and Grace who tell her that they don't really like Mini. Therefore, this follows the typical conventions of teen drama, where the character is offered closure or some sort of resolution to their situation.
This episode from skins series 5 shows the typical conventions of teen Dramas. For example, this episode focuses on Franky's social struggles as she tries to fit in with the gang and make friends despide Minnie's bullying. This episode features several stages; the beginning stage where the viewer is introduced to Franky's background and situation, and is shown how she is different to typical people at the college and so is subject to bullying. The viewer is also shown the 'fake friends' storyline, which is where Mini befriends Franky only to take advantage of her. This is typical of teen dramas which often focus on friendship, social hierarchy and struggles to achieve popularity, and betrayal.
After this, Mini learns of Franky's past bullying and so understands why Franky is insecure. Franky however is still upset from Mini's betrayal and so burns her dress. She is then introduced to a mystery love interest.
Near the end of the episode, Franky gains true friendship from Liv and Grace who tell her that they don't really like Mini. Therefore, this follows the typical conventions of teen drama, where the character is offered closure or some sort of resolution to their situation.
Romantic comedy
Romantic comedies are light hearted films, where characters meet and fall in love, with comedic influences throughout. The basic storyline revolves around two characters, usually a man and woman, who meet, interact and connect, fall in love, ague and seperate, and then realise their true love and reunite at the end.
Sometimes, on or both characters may hesitate at first or not initially like each other, or one character may secretly or openly admire the other character, the comedy focusing on their fustrated desires and attempts to win their true love. Other situations may be that one or both characters have a partner already or are married, although the audience are presented with clues that suggest that the two characters are an ideal match.
Other films may include one character making the grand gesture, often something which is funny and extreme, therefore prompting varied reactions from the love interest.
Romantic comedies often feature two characters who meet through unexpected circumstances or coincidences. For example, a character may fall in love with someone while on holiday or at a party, the film revolving around their attempts to find that person.
All romantic comedies feature a period where the two interests go through a period of 'seperation'. This is usually where the characters fall out or argue, discover the other's unfaithfulness, or realise that they are already engaged with someone else, therefore being out of that person's league. After this, the two characters realise their love for each other, and so pursue the chance to be together again.
A popular example of a romantic comedy which follows the narrative conventions as explained above would be
Sometimes, on or both characters may hesitate at first or not initially like each other, or one character may secretly or openly admire the other character, the comedy focusing on their fustrated desires and attempts to win their true love. Other situations may be that one or both characters have a partner already or are married, although the audience are presented with clues that suggest that the two characters are an ideal match.
Other films may include one character making the grand gesture, often something which is funny and extreme, therefore prompting varied reactions from the love interest.
Romantic comedies often feature two characters who meet through unexpected circumstances or coincidences. For example, a character may fall in love with someone while on holiday or at a party, the film revolving around their attempts to find that person.
All romantic comedies feature a period where the two interests go through a period of 'seperation'. This is usually where the characters fall out or argue, discover the other's unfaithfulness, or realise that they are already engaged with someone else, therefore being out of that person's league. After this, the two characters realise their love for each other, and so pursue the chance to be together again.
A popular example of a romantic comedy which follows the narrative conventions as explained above would be
Period drama
A period drama is a type of drama which is set in a specific time or place, usually a well known historical era. Therefore, period dramas often feature characters based on real historical figures, where the story interprets what happened at that specific time. Period dramas also copy the costumes, set and style of that era, and so are also known as costume dramas. Period dramas therefore aim to be accurate in their intepretation of the chosen era. For example, all aspects of costume, location, language and dialogue, character professions and contexts are carefully researched and selected.
A good example of a period drama series which interprets a real historical era would be Downdon Abbey.
'The series, set in the fictional Yorkshire country estate of Downton Abbey, depicts the lives of the aristocratic Crawley family and their servants in the post-Edwardian era—with the great events in history having an effect on their lives and on the British social hierarchy' (Wikipedia).
Documentary
A documentary is a type of factual production, focusing on showing real events, issues or topics in a realistic way. Therefore, documentaries differ from all other forms of single camera productions which are fictional. Although often single camera, documentaries also don't follow the typical codes and conventions as applicable to other forms of single camera. For example, they usually feature a narrator or presentor who tells the audience information about the topic or issue. Interviews are also a key feature in documentaries, as they convey the most information, and so interviews are usually with key witnesses or experts, depending on the topic. Documentaries do feature storylines, although these differ to fictional productions, as they often revolve around the subjects or presentor, and are real. Documentaries also come in different types and styles, as explained in my factual production blog.
Dispatches is a typical example of a documentary, focusing on real events.
A documentary is a type of factual production, focusing on showing real events, issues or topics in a realistic way. Therefore, documentaries differ from all other forms of single camera productions which are fictional. Although often single camera, documentaries also don't follow the typical codes and conventions as applicable to other forms of single camera. For example, they usually feature a narrator or presentor who tells the audience information about the topic or issue. Interviews are also a key feature in documentaries, as they convey the most information, and so interviews are usually with key witnesses or experts, depending on the topic. Documentaries do feature storylines, although these differ to fictional productions, as they often revolve around the subjects or presentor, and are real. Documentaries also come in different types and styles, as explained in my factual production blog.
Dispatches is a typical example of a documentary, focusing on real events.
As seen in the video above, voiceover is used to inform the audience about the topic. Actuality footage is incorporated to make the audience understand the real topic through, while appearing genuine. Music, camera techniques and interviews are all used to enhance audience experience and make the documentary appear credible and believable to the audience.
Thriller
A thriller is similar in style and narrative to both action and horror films, and so focuses on storylines which grip and shock the audience. Thrillers aim to create intense reactions from the audience, which include anticipation, suspense, shock, terror, excitement and uncertainty amongst others. Therefore, story telling is incorporated to create these reactions. Primary story telling techniques in thrillers are the use of cliff hangers to create an open ending which creates suspense, red herrings to distract the audience, and providing or withholding information from the viewer to create shock and anticipation.
Therefore, common storylines include; flight and chase scenes where characters are pursued by a villian, murders and killings, mystery crimes, terrorist attacks, gangs etc. Thrillers usually revolve around an individual or group of individuals who are in a dangerous situation and so try to escape, the story building up to a climax where they fight or battle with the main villain. The classic examples of thriller films would be the films of Alfred Hitchcock.
Thrillers are usually split into several sub genres, which each have a distinct style and story characteristics.
A psycholical thriller focuses on the character's mind frame, and so battles occur within the character's mind as they try to grasp reality, trauma from past events, death etc. Therefore, although psychologal thrillers usually include the murder, chase, kidnapping and other storylines, the antagonist's mind is revealed to the viewer, who then understands how they're perception of reality is distorted.
A popular example of a psychological thriller is the Butterfly Effect (2004).
A thriller is similar in style and narrative to both action and horror films, and so focuses on storylines which grip and shock the audience. Thrillers aim to create intense reactions from the audience, which include anticipation, suspense, shock, terror, excitement and uncertainty amongst others. Therefore, story telling is incorporated to create these reactions. Primary story telling techniques in thrillers are the use of cliff hangers to create an open ending which creates suspense, red herrings to distract the audience, and providing or withholding information from the viewer to create shock and anticipation.
Therefore, common storylines include; flight and chase scenes where characters are pursued by a villian, murders and killings, mystery crimes, terrorist attacks, gangs etc. Thrillers usually revolve around an individual or group of individuals who are in a dangerous situation and so try to escape, the story building up to a climax where they fight or battle with the main villain. The classic examples of thriller films would be the films of Alfred Hitchcock.
Thrillers are usually split into several sub genres, which each have a distinct style and story characteristics.
A psycholical thriller focuses on the character's mind frame, and so battles occur within the character's mind as they try to grasp reality, trauma from past events, death etc. Therefore, although psychologal thrillers usually include the murder, chase, kidnapping and other storylines, the antagonist's mind is revealed to the viewer, who then understands how they're perception of reality is distorted.
A popular example of a psychological thriller is the Butterfly Effect (2004).
This film follows the journey of a college student who learns he has the ability to travel through time and change small details to his past actions, which have a greater influence over his future. This film follows the genre conventions of a psychological thriller, as the viewer learns about the character's distorted mind frame, as well as how past traumas and experiences have influenced how he behaves. Therefore, the key feature of this film is revealing the character's psychology to the viewer.
Other types of thrillers are supernatural thrillers, which incorporate the narrative conventions of horror films. For example, ghosts, death, demonic posessions, etc are all key elements in supernatural thrillers. Other key narrative features in supernatural thrillers are plot twists- the viewer is led to believe the story unfolds one way but is shocked with its ending, tension and terror.
The sixth sense is a popular example of a supernatural thriller, where a young boy is admitted to a child psychologist because he claims he can see the dead
However, the viewer is shocked at the ending, as it is revealed that the psychologist is actually dead, which is why the boy can communicate with him. Therefore, this is a typical feature of most thriller films as well as supernatural ones, as there were subtle clues to his mortality throughout the film, but the audience overlook these in favour of the young boy's storyline.
Other types of thriller are; crime thrillers which combine the elements of both crime and thriller, a popular example being the killing and political thrillers which aim to intensify political situations and government power struggles, a popular example being The Interpreter.
Other types of thrillers are supernatural thrillers, which incorporate the narrative conventions of horror films. For example, ghosts, death, demonic posessions, etc are all key elements in supernatural thrillers. Other key narrative features in supernatural thrillers are plot twists- the viewer is led to believe the story unfolds one way but is shocked with its ending, tension and terror.
The sixth sense is a popular example of a supernatural thriller, where a young boy is admitted to a child psychologist because he claims he can see the dead
However, the viewer is shocked at the ending, as it is revealed that the psychologist is actually dead, which is why the boy can communicate with him. Therefore, this is a typical feature of most thriller films as well as supernatural ones, as there were subtle clues to his mortality throughout the film, but the audience overlook these in favour of the young boy's storyline.
Other types of thriller are; crime thrillers which combine the elements of both crime and thriller, a popular example being the killing and political thrillers which aim to intensify political situations and government power struggles, a popular example being The Interpreter.
Horror
Horror films primarily aim to scare, shock and terrorise the audience, by playing on their primal fears. Common themes include the supernatural, death and the dead, killing and murder, blood and gore, violence and fear of being chased.
Story lines usually revolve around a character or group of characters as the main 'protagonists' who discover the horrific evil character or 'antagonist' and so the story revolves around their attempts to flee from the antagonist or try to fight them.
Usually, the film starts in a macabre or otherwise unsettling location, such as an old town or haunted house. The characters often go on a journey together and end up stranded in a forest, and then discover the 'antagonist', and try to get to safety.
Usually, characters are often split into the 'clever' characters, who understand how to fight the character, and the'dumb' ones, who don't know how to get to safety, and so are the first to die. Often, the protagonist is unaware of the danger until later on where they are caught by surprise.
The ending often features the characters defeating the 'antagonist' or understanding their weakness.
The most popular example of horror film would be The Excorcist (1973). This film is one of the best selling movies of all time, and was also hugely influential as well as controversial for its portrayal of child demonic possession and excorcism. It is also identified as a supernatural horror, a subgenre of horror which revolves around the supernatural- ghosts, death, posession and spirits.
The film revolves around the family's attempts to 'cure' their daughter of her demonic possession and so this storyline was groundbreaking at that time, as horror films revolving around child demonic possession were rare. Therefore, the exorcism also gave rise to the supernatural horror genre, as horror films would include similar story lines as opposed to the traditional chase and flee story-lines of older horror films.
Other subgenres of horror films are slasher, which focus on extreme graphic violence and gore. A notable example which popularised the term 'slasher' would be Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974) where a group of friends are on their way to their Grandfather's grave and soon run out of gas. Then, they discover a small house and visit it in hopes of getting some petrol, which is when Leather face the main protagonist starts to kill and butcher the group.
This storyline is therefore a typical 'fight and flee' storyline, as Sally is the only protagonist who manages to escape alive, while the rest are killed and tortured.
Other subgenres of horror include; action horror, where guns and other content typically used in action films is included gothic horror which focuses on locations such as old castles, haunted house etc, a notable example being Frankenstein, and science fiction horror.
Soap opera
A soap opera is a type of serial drama which centres around a fictional location, usually a town or village, and features a cast of characters representing the residents of the place. As explained before, soap operas have no definite end and episodes typically air 4-5 days a week, 52 weeks a year.
Soap operas feature realistic storylines which are dramatised in order to appeal to the audience and create suspense. Storylines include; relationship issues, family and friends issues, gangs, killings, etc, depending on the type of soap opera.
A popular example of a soap opera would be Eastenders.
The soap opera, set in fictional Albert square in Walford London, is aired 4 days a week, and features a continuous line up of cast as the residents- some residents are long term permanent, while others come and go. As seen in this Episode from 24 April, the storylines are realistic and multi stand. For example, this episode focuses on the Beale Family after Lucy Beale's murder. This storyline is typical of storylines in soap operas, as it is realistically shown, although has been selected for its drama and entertainment value.
Camera techniques aim to convey action and facial expressions realistically, as seen in the episode. Also, cast, costumes, behaviours, accents and language are all typical of East London, and so convey a realistic representation.
In short, soap operas like Eastenders mirror everyday life through their storylines, cast and cinematic techniques, although these are all heightened to be as dramatic as possible, in order to entertain the audience.
Narrative structure
Narrative refers to how a story is told in a film, as to the order of events in the story shown in a particular order. All films include the story principles of setup, conflict and resolution.
Linear (sequential)
A linear narrative is when the story in a film is told in the exact order, and so is chonological and sequential. This method is mainstream- most films use a linear narrative to show the story's main points of action from start to finish.
The narrative structure of all films typically follows the three main stages. Firstly, setup is where the audience are introduced to the character's context, scene and background, and the story begins its journey through a problem or setback which is what drives the story forward.
After this, the conflict stage is when the main action happens, as the character fights the main battles, as depending on the genre and film.
The resolution stage then follows, and this is when the battle is resolved- something is won or lost, and the characters have gone through major changes which prompt the end to the story.
Therefore, the linear narrative follows all three stages in their exact order, and so doesn't jump from conflict to setup or resolution to setup for example. Most soap operas and serial and series dramas follow a linear narrative, an so a popular example would be Waterloo Road which is a British drama series.
As can be seen in the episode 19 from series 9, the whole episode flows in a chronological and sequential order. For example, there is no flashback scene in the story apart from the beginning and ending which is primarily to provide viewers with information and so isn't part of the actual story. Therefore, all actions are in chronological order. For example, this show focuses on Christina's struggles with alcohol as well as Kacey's return visit. Therefore, at the beginning, the inciting incident is revealed, and then the story gradually builds up from there (Christina becoming more reckless). The battle stage revolves around Christina's drunken argument with the governers as well as Gabriella's jealousy with Kacey. For example, Christina's breakdown and arrest with the police isn't shown at the beginning but rather towards the middle and the end, the previous scenes leading up to it.
Although Waterloo Road is multi strand in terms of its narrative, as there are several sub stories shown within the show, they all appear to be happening either simultaneusly or sequentially, in this scene Kacey's return, Dynasty visiting Kevin in hospital, Lula's video call etc. Therefore, the key feature is that all scenes of substories appear to directly lead to or be happening at the same time as the next scene.
Overall, shows like Waterloo road follow the typical conventions of linear storylines as seen in the above episode- Christine battling with her alcohol addiction, the show building up to this before her arrest- the ending to the episode.
The narrative structure of all films typically follows the three main stages. Firstly, setup is where the audience are introduced to the character's context, scene and background, and the story begins its journey through a problem or setback which is what drives the story forward.
After this, the conflict stage is when the main action happens, as the character fights the main battles, as depending on the genre and film.
The resolution stage then follows, and this is when the battle is resolved- something is won or lost, and the characters have gone through major changes which prompt the end to the story.
Therefore, the linear narrative follows all three stages in their exact order, and so doesn't jump from conflict to setup or resolution to setup for example. Most soap operas and serial and series dramas follow a linear narrative, an so a popular example would be Waterloo Road which is a British drama series.
As can be seen in the episode 19 from series 9, the whole episode flows in a chronological and sequential order. For example, there is no flashback scene in the story apart from the beginning and ending which is primarily to provide viewers with information and so isn't part of the actual story. Therefore, all actions are in chronological order. For example, this show focuses on Christina's struggles with alcohol as well as Kacey's return visit. Therefore, at the beginning, the inciting incident is revealed, and then the story gradually builds up from there (Christina becoming more reckless). The battle stage revolves around Christina's drunken argument with the governers as well as Gabriella's jealousy with Kacey. For example, Christina's breakdown and arrest with the police isn't shown at the beginning but rather towards the middle and the end, the previous scenes leading up to it.
Although Waterloo Road is multi strand in terms of its narrative, as there are several sub stories shown within the show, they all appear to be happening either simultaneusly or sequentially, in this scene Kacey's return, Dynasty visiting Kevin in hospital, Lula's video call etc. Therefore, the key feature is that all scenes of substories appear to directly lead to or be happening at the same time as the next scene.
Overall, shows like Waterloo road follow the typical conventions of linear storylines as seen in the above episode- Christine battling with her alcohol addiction, the show building up to this before her arrest- the ending to the episode.
Non linear (non-sequential)
In contrast to a linear narrative, a non linear narrative is when the story is broken up, and so isn't shown in chronological order, or in a sequence. Therefore, scenes in a film may be in different times to the actual story. Non linear films are also distinct from flashback films, as flash backs often start at the conflict or resolution, and then often continue from the beginning in sequential order. In this way, flashbacks are often incorporated into otherwise linear movies.
A popular example of a 'true' non-linear movie would be Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction (1994), which includes three main story lines which interconnect, and are actually three parts of one story, but not shown in order.
The film starts out with a diner hold-up staged by "Pumpkin" and "Honey Bunny," then picks up the stories of Vincent, Jules, Butch, and several other important characters, including mob kingpin Marsellus Wallace, his wife, Mia, and underworld problem-solver Winston Wolfe. It finally returns to where it began, in the diner: Vincent and Jules, who have stopped in for a bite, find themselves embroiled in the hold-up. There are a total of seven narrative sequences, the three primary storylines are preceded by identifying intertitles on a black screen (Wikipedia).
Therefore, Pulp fiction popularised the non linear narrative, as many other action films after the release of Pulp fiction experimented with non linear storytelling. These include; Shizopilis (1998) by Steven Soderberg who also used non linear narrative in his films Out of sight and Limey, as well as Christophor Nolan for Memento (2000) and Batman Begins (2005).
Therefore, another example of a non-linear narrative would be Christiphor Nonan's The Dark Knight Rising (2012).
Multi strand
A multi strand narrative is where the main storyline is split up into sub stories, branching out to other characters. Multi strand narrative is commonly used show the seperate stories of a group of people in a film, such as a group of friends, as the viewer is able to understand each individual's background, as opposed to single strand which focuses on one person's story.
Most soap operas include a multi strand narrative as it is a means to portray several characters' story lines, making it look like they are either happening at the same time or sequentially.A narrative strand is a story which focuses on a particular character. Therefore, a multi strand narrative focuses on more than one person's point of view.
A good example of a film which uses a multi strand narrative would be Sex and the City: the movie, as the film which is an extension of the TV series, focuses on the lives of the four friends; Carrie, Samantha, Miranda and Charlotte.
In contrast to a linear narrative, a non linear narrative is when the story is broken up, and so isn't shown in chronological order, or in a sequence. Therefore, scenes in a film may be in different times to the actual story. Non linear films are also distinct from flashback films, as flash backs often start at the conflict or resolution, and then often continue from the beginning in sequential order. In this way, flashbacks are often incorporated into otherwise linear movies.
A popular example of a 'true' non-linear movie would be Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction (1994), which includes three main story lines which interconnect, and are actually three parts of one story, but not shown in order.
The film starts out with a diner hold-up staged by "Pumpkin" and "Honey Bunny," then picks up the stories of Vincent, Jules, Butch, and several other important characters, including mob kingpin Marsellus Wallace, his wife, Mia, and underworld problem-solver Winston Wolfe. It finally returns to where it began, in the diner: Vincent and Jules, who have stopped in for a bite, find themselves embroiled in the hold-up. There are a total of seven narrative sequences, the three primary storylines are preceded by identifying intertitles on a black screen (Wikipedia).
Therefore, Pulp fiction popularised the non linear narrative, as many other action films after the release of Pulp fiction experimented with non linear storytelling. These include; Shizopilis (1998) by Steven Soderberg who also used non linear narrative in his films Out of sight and Limey, as well as Christophor Nolan for Memento (2000) and Batman Begins (2005).
Therefore, another example of a non-linear narrative would be Christiphor Nonan's The Dark Knight Rising (2012).
Multi strand
A multi strand narrative is where the main storyline is split up into sub stories, branching out to other characters. Multi strand narrative is commonly used show the seperate stories of a group of people in a film, such as a group of friends, as the viewer is able to understand each individual's background, as opposed to single strand which focuses on one person's story.
Most soap operas include a multi strand narrative as it is a means to portray several characters' story lines, making it look like they are either happening at the same time or sequentially.A narrative strand is a story which focuses on a particular character. Therefore, a multi strand narrative focuses on more than one person's point of view.
A good example of a film which uses a multi strand narrative would be Sex and the City: the movie, as the film which is an extension of the TV series, focuses on the lives of the four friends; Carrie, Samantha, Miranda and Charlotte.
Holby city is a popular example of a drama series which has a multi strand narrative, as typical of most TV series and serial dramas.
Flashback
A flashback is a scene which takes the story back in time from its current stage. Flashback scenes are often used in this way to provide information and context to the viewer about the character's background or actions leading up to their current situation. Therefore, they are means for providing backstory. Flash forwards work the other way- they look into the future, and are relatively new, being speculative and imaginative, the character looking into the future as to what it would be like. Most dramas use flashbacks to provide information into characters as well as films.
One of the most famous usage of flashbacks would be in Orson Welles' Citizen Kane (1941).
For example, the film starts with the scene of Charles Foster Kane dying, saying 'rosebud'. The rest of the film follows through interviews with his close friends and families as they try to decipher what 'rosebud' meant to Kane. Throughout the interviews, flashback scenes of Kane's life are shown, but not in chronological order. The flashbacks reveal that his life began with poverty until a gold mine was discovered underneath his mother's home. The flash back scenes then show his rise to fame in newspaper journalism and publishing, and then showing his marriage disintegrating and his affair with a singer, who ultimately leaves him.
Towards the end, the film alludes to the idea that rosebud was the name of his sled from childhood, and so possibly his only memory of happiness. Overall, Citizen Kane was influential in its use of flashbacks to show Kane's story throughout the film, as the whole film centred around the flashbacks to reveal his story.
Orson Welles' use of flashbacks in a non chronological order (non-linear flashbacks) was likely to be influenced by William K.Howard's The Power and The Glory.
The Butterfly Effect (2004) is another example of a film which centres around flashbacks of the main character- 20 year old college student Evan Treborn
Another example of a flashback can be seen in Hangover II
For example, this flashback scene shows the group as children and partying wild in Thailand, although it primarily aims to show more recent events, and so protraying them as children is more symbolic and metaphoric in its meaning, as it suggests that the group were childlike in their reckless behaviours. This then leads Alan to have an epithany, as he then knows where to find Teddy. Also, the scene visually follows the techniques of flashback scenes. For example, images are distorted, colours heightened, edges are blurred, fade to white transitions, etc. This therefore visually shows that the flashback is occuring in his head and also doesn't confuse the audience.
Many TV shows also use flashbacks to provide information as to how past events shape the present setting and characters. How I met your mother is a popular example.
The show focuses on Ted in the year 2030 recounting to his children about his life. Therefore, every episode is essentially a flashback, or composed of several flashbacks arranged in an order, as often Ted narrates his story to the audience as if talking to his son. Therefore, the viewer is able to see Ted engage in all the funny activities and stories typically shown in How I met your mother as Ted narrates it.
Realist
A realist film is one which is self contained- this means that all aspects of the story, including character's actions, mode of adress and style all appear as if the viewer is looking in to the film. Therefore, realist films follow the illusion of the 'fourth wall' which is the imaginary boundary between the viewer and the characters in the film.
Most films and television programs are realist in terms of the characters not addressing the viewer or talking to the viewer.
Soap operas such as Eastenders are the most realist in terms of not breaking the 'fourth wall', and this is also enhanced through minimal dramatisation (music and special effects), as the camera techniques also capture more realistic shots as well.
This can be seen in the 21 April episode. For example, the characters stay in their modes throughout, and never look at the viewer or talk to the viewer. For example, characters never look directly at the camera as this would appear as if they are looking at the viewer. Therefore, Eastenders is considered 'self contained', as the viewer is looking through an invisible 'fourth wall', into the everyday dramas of life on Albert Square, a fictional, self contained setting. Also, Eastenders never uses non-diegetic music or sound effects, and this also heightens the concept of realism, as it appears as if the viewer is looking into 'real life', even though it is fictional. As seen in this episode, the characters never step out of their mode, always appearing in character.
However, although many films are realist in the sense that the characters act in a self contained world and not breaking the fourth wall, many cinematic techniques hinder the concept of realism. For example, the use of titles, subtitles and scene headings in films breaks the concept of realism, as the titles address the viewer directly. Music also makes a production non-realist, as it is a form of dramatisation.
Anti-realist (breaking the fourth wall)
As opposed to realist films, anti-realist films are not self contained, and so therefore break the fourth wall. The fourth wall was a term originally used in theatre, where actors see a play which is self contained until an actor decides to speak to or interact with the audience. In fictional film and television, breaking the fourth wall is rare, but notable examples include Scrubs and House of cards, where the main actors speak to the audience while remaining in character.
Breaking the fourth wall is a technique often used in House of Cards, and can be seen in series 1, Episode 1.
Breaking the fourth wall is a technique often used in House of Cards, and can be seen in series 1, Episode 1.
For example, after 4:40, 6:26 and 45:06, Francis Urquhart directly speaks to the viewer, talking about his personal thoughts and feelings, actions in the story and commenting on his actions in the program. Therefore, the audience are achnolaged, and so the program isn't self contained. This technique makes House of Cards very unique and effective, as the audience understand more about the character, and feel as though he is speaking to them, because of his direct address. Therefore, he becomes more centralised, the audience regularly relating to and understanding his actions in the story.
Hollyoaks is generally more dramatised as opposed to traditional soap operas such as Eastenders and Coronation Street. For example, the use of titles is more elaborate and dramatic, adressing and appealing to the audience, as well as the use of non-diegetic music to heighten the experience for the viewer. However, in this prelude clip, Claire Devine breaks the fourth wall at 0:52, which is extremely rare in soap operas such as Hollyoaks.
For example, as 0:52, she briefly glances at the camera, and so addresses the viewer. This is significant, as the context to this is that she was supposed to have 'died' after falling in the quarry, and so this clip showing her apparently live and well suggests to the viewer that she will be back in the future episodes. Therefore, her quick glance at the viewer suggests that she is planning to come back to Hollyoaks.
Scrubs is another TV show which is anti realist, because the characters often break the fourth wall.
For example, at the beginning of each scene, J.D. narrates, talking about his personal feelings and experiences as well as providing insight into the story. This is typical of Scrubs, as the show focuses on the unique point of view of J.D. Therefore, the narration addresses the audience directly, and so breaks the fourth wall, and so isn't self contained. The narration is used because J.D appears to communicate to the viewer, therefore making the show more entertaining and comical, because the viewer is better able to understand J.D.'s thoughts and feelings which are often unusual and comical. J.D. also speaks in the past tense, suggesting that he is looking back at this scene, and narrating from a future time.
Although not exclusively a single camera production, Mrs Brown's Boys is another example of a TV show where mrs Brown occasionally talks to the audience, sometimes out of character.
For example, at 5:00, she talks to the audience about religion and how it is difficult for young people to follow it. She still appears in character, and so this technique makes the show more entertaining to the audience, as Mrs Brown is very funny in the things she says.
As Mrs Brown's Boys is often filmed live, mistakes aren't usually edited out. For example, at 6:20, the camera accidentally crashes through the window, and Mrs Brown comments on this, although it is difficult to decipher whether she is in character at this point or not.
At the end, all the characters bow to the audience, which is typical of live TV theatre productions. This can be seen at the end, where Mrs Brown sings and dances to the audience.
Open ending
An open ending in one which doesn't provide closure to the story in a film. There is no definitive end, and so the audience are left guessing what will happen next. Therefore, cliff hangers are incorporated as a method to show an open ending, as they create suspense and interest within the audience. They work by subtly or dramatically alluding to significant information about a character, such as suggesting that the killer is still active, as is the case of thriller movies and television programs. Therefore, films such as The Batman series often have a closed ending, as they are part of a longer franchise.
Open endings are commonly used in serial dramas and drama series. This is because there are usually episodes to follow after the current series, and in serial dramas such as Hollyoaks, there is no definitive end. Also, open endings are a way to maintain audience interest and arousal, as they are more likely to watch the next episode if the current episode doesn't provide them closure on the story.
An example of a television program which has open endings would be
Open endings are commonly used in serial dramas and drama series. This is because there are usually episodes to follow after the current series, and in serial dramas such as Hollyoaks, there is no definitive end. Also, open endings are a way to maintain audience interest and arousal, as they are more likely to watch the next episode if the current episode doesn't provide them closure on the story.
An example of a television program which has open endings would be
Closed ending
On the other hand, a closed ending provides the viewer with closure to the story in the film. All events and actions are resolved from the battle stage to the resolution stage, and so the ending shows the characters in some sort of long term or permanent change, depending on the production. Closed endings are used to mark an end to a drama series, which usually include open endings in all previous episodes. Even in final episodes of drama series, there is often a subtle glimpse into future scenarios and episodes.
An example of a film which has closed endings would be
An example of a film which has closed endings would be
Technical
Camera
Camera work in single camera productions is fundamental in showing characters as they carry out action in the story. A successful single camera production must include a diverse range of shot sizes which are used appropriately depending on the action and story context. For example, framing is important as different shot sizes can reveal different amounts of information to the audience, as well as angles which provide a point of view, showing the viewer what the action or scene looks like from the character's perspective. As well as this, movements such as tracking shots, pans and tilts are often used to create movement as well as follow action in fast paced scenes, or convey a particular atmosphere.
Framing
An extreme wide/long shot is the largest shot size used in film. This shot is often used to establish a scene, by giving a wide view of a location. It doesn't show very detailed information, and so is used primarily to give an impression of a location.
An example of an extreme wide/long shot from Thor.
This shot is significant as the audience can see the location- the burning buildings around Thor. Therefore, this shot is effective when used before a close up of Thor (main character in shot), as the audience are aware of the mise en scene (the burning buildings) and so have greater understanding of the scene.
A wide/long shot usually shows a subject's full body in the frame. This type of shot is used to provide visual information about what the character is wearing, or because their actions are significant enough to be shown in a wide. For example, someone walking or running as well as a fight scene will have wide shots to show the full action.
An example of a long/wide shot Clark in Smallville (Season 6 'Nemesis' episode)
This shot helps establish the scene as Clark was rescued by the caving underground piping system. Therefore, the audience can see the fire fighters working the background as well as see that Clark appears lonely because of the space around him.
A mid shot shows a character from the waist up. This shot is used because the character's gestures (movements with hands) are significant enough to be shown.
An example of a mid shot from The Dark Knight Rises (2012).
This shot provides good visual information that contributes to the scene. For example, the audience are able to see the Joker playing with the cards as he is in shot, as well as his face (although not in great detail like in a close up) as well as the mise en scene (the background). This shot is effective when used in conjunction with close ups of the Joker's card and facial expressions as seen in the movie.
A medium close up shows a character from the shoulders. This is often used to show the character's facial expressions as well as show the background. This shot is commonly used in dialogue scenes, where angle-reverse-angle is used to show both character's facial expressions as they act out the dialogue.
An example of a medium close up of Clark in Smallville (Season 6 'Nemesis' episode)
This shot shows his facial expressions as well as the background, and so is a useful shot when conveying dialogue.
A close up only shows the character's face. This shot is commonly used in all films and television programs, as it shows the viewer the character's facial expressions, which is important in understanding how the character reacts in the film.
A popular example of a close up from Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho.
Close ups are fundamental in horror and thriller films to show the characters reaction. In Psycho, Hitchcock used a close up to illustrate the woman's reactions as she was being attacked. This was very important in creating suspense and terror within the audience, as the audience saw the look of terror and shock on her face, and so understood the situation.
Close ups are also used to convey emotions, as seen in this close up of Saoirse Ronan in The Host
For example, the viewer is able to understand how the character is emotionally feeling, because the close up shows her looking sad. Therefore, this close up provides emotional insight into a character.
Close ups are also used to show detail in objects which may be a significant part of the story. Many action and thriller films use close ups of weapons or other props which are fundamental in the story, or allude to what will happen. For example, a close up of a gun on a table as the character is about to pick it up and use this.
An example of a close up of an object can be seen in this screenshot from Under Seige 2.
This shot is very dramatic, as the audience are able to see the nozzle of the gun as it is about to be fired. This shot was used to show the importance of the gun in the scene, as it is a fundamental part of the action.
Another example for Under Seige 2.
This close up of the knife also creates suspense and drama, as well as showing the importance of the object in the scene.
An extreme close up is used to show significant detail, such as the facial expressions of a character or a significant object used in the film. Therefore, an extreme close up is any shot which shows less than half of a character's face, such as only their eyes or mouth.
An example of an extreme close up from Psycho.
This shot is very significant in the film, as it shows the woman's eyes as she lays dead on the shower floor. This is because the viewer sees her unblinking eyes in this shot, and so it creates a sinister, morbid feeling. This shot also zooms out slowly in the film, therefore providing more information, as it zooms out to her lying on the floor.
A two shot is used to show the dialogue or action between two characters. This shot is also used to show the relationship of two characters, and so helps tell the story. Usually characters in a two shot are also shown in mid shot from the waist shot, although close up two shots can show a feeling of intimacy.
An example of a two shot from The Dark Knight Rising (2012)
This shot is significant as the viewer is able to see the two characters interact with each other, as their gestures are also visible. Also, they appear more intimate.
Another example from The Dark Knight Rising of a two shot.
This two shot differs from the previous one as it doesn't convey a feeling of intimacy. This is because the two characters are stood opposite each other and not side by side, and so this two shot conveys a more sinister feeling, one of conflict.
Angles
An eye level shot is one in which the character's eyes appear at the same level as the camera. This shot therefore shows a more neutral perspective- the character doesn't appear vulnerable as in high angles or intimidating as in low angles. Therefore, eye level shots are commonly used in dialogue scenes between two characters, or to show a neutral power position.
An example of an eye level shot as seen in Pretty Woman
This shot doesn't portray the characters as being vulnerable or intimidating because the camera is at eye level. Therefore, this shot is more neutral and therefore is primarily used to convey their reactions to the other character they are seeing past the camera who isn't in shot
A high angle is where the character's eyes appear lower than the camera. This shot is achieved by tilting the camera downwards. This shot makes a character look more vulnerable, as it denotes a point of view of something which is higher, looking down at the character. Therefore, high angle shots are extensively used in action, thriller and horror films to show the character as being vulnerable to attack.
An example of a high angle shot as seen in Hollyoaks.
This shot is fundamental in providing information to the viewer, as it shows that Texas has fallen from the church tower in the day of her wedding. Therefore, this shot shows her from the perspective of the person who pushed her (Will). Hollyoaks use a lot of high and low angles, as this Soap is more dramatised than Eastenders for example.
In contrast to high angle, a low angle shot is achieved by tilting the camera upwards, making the character's eyes appear above the camera. This shot therefore makes a character look more intimidating, powerful or superior and is used in conjunction with high angle shots to show the relationship between the protagonist and antagonist. It also denotes a point of view of another character looking up at the more superior, intimidating character.
An example of a low angle shot as seen in Quentin Tarantino's Reservoir Dogs.
This shot shows the men as they open the car boot. They look more superior and intimidating, because they appear to be looking down at the person who is supposedly in the car boot. This low angle shot is reminiscent of Quentin Tarantino's usage of low angles in films, as many of his films use this type of shot to denote an intimidating feeling towards the character in shot.
Point of view shots provide visual insights into how a character perceives the action in a scene. Therefore, the camera is placed near the character's eyes and is angled similarly to how the character is looking at the object. This shot is used to show how a character is seeing something, and so the viewer understands more about the character.
An example of a point of view shot as seen in The Royal Tenabaums (2001)
This shot shows the family dinner, and so provides a point of view of the character who is supposedly sitting where the camera is. This is an effective point of view shot, as it shows the four other characters looking at the character weirdly and so shows how they look at him. Therefore the viewer is able to gain insight into the character's situation, because it provides a point of view from the character's perspective. It also makes the scene more entertaining.
Another example of a point of view shot from Force of Evil (1948)
This is a succesful shot, as it shows the action from Frank's point of view as he is being shot. Therefore, this shot makes the scene much more dramatic as the audience are able to see the action from the victim's point of view, and so the shooting looks more brutal.
An angle-reverse-angle or over the shoulder shot, is a type of point of view shot which is commonly used to film dialogue in a scene. It shows each character's facial expressions as well as the other character's shoulders in the foreground, therefore showing viewers that the dialogue is happening between two people.
An example of an angle-reverse-angle shot as seen in Hollyoaks
This shot shows the dialogue between the two characters. The camera would then switch to the other character and so Texas will appear in the foreground. This shot has to follow the 180 degree rule as well.
Movements
A tilt is when the camera rotates vertically, therefore moving from a high angle to a low angle and vice versa. It is often used to create an atmosphere or show a point of view. For example, to show the point of view of a character as they look up from a lower position. Therefore, tilts can be used to follow eye movements of characters in point of view shots.
An example of a tilt from The Other Guys (2010) which can be seen from 6:15 in this video
This tilt shows the two characters as they fall in slow motion from the building. Therefore, this tilt accentuates the height of the building as the characters are falling down, making their fall more dramatic.
A pan is when the camera rotates horizontally, from left to right and vice versa. It is a common technique used to follow the action in a scene, for example panning towards someone running. It is also used to show something which can't be included in one shot or to establish a scene, such as a pan of a cityscape. Pans which are fast often follow the fast action, and so therefore add to the drama. A slow pan creates more suspense as it slowly reveals the information, therefore creating more anticipation.
An example of a pan from Cowboys and Aliens (2011) as seen from 2:30 - 2:57 in this video.
This shot is very dramatic, as it seems as though the pan is never ending, panning across the desert. However, nearer the end, Jake wakes up suddenly, and so the pan is a means to shock the audience because the pan is slow while Jake waking up is very fast.
A tracking shot is when the camera follows the subject, or moves along sideways as opposed to a pan which merely rotates sideways. Therefore, a dolly and track is a common method used to create a tracking shot. Tracking shots often match the pace of the subject as they are moving. A tracking shot can move forwards and backwards as well as sideways, or pan as well, following the subject simultaneously. Another interesting method is zooming and panning at the same time in opposite directions, therefore the background appearing to distort behind the character.
An example of a tracking shot from
A camera can also be mounted on a jib to create vertical and horizontal shots which appear to swoop down on a character. A jib works like a see-saw, with counterweights placed on the opposite arm that the camera is mounted on, therefore providing smoother shots. A jib can convey different effects. For example, a jib moving down towards a character emphasises that they are alone or otherwise vulnerable.
An example of how jibs shots can be used to convey an atmosphere and portray the position of a character.
A crane shot works in much the same way as a jib, except it is usually larger scale. Therefore, a crane shot can move out dramatically from a close up of a character to a wide shot of the whole location. Crane shots are usually used at the end of films.
A famous example of a crane shot, as seen in High Noon (1952)
This shot is very effective, as the camera moves outwards from a mid shot, therefore accentuating the fact that he is alone in the street. This is because it slowly reveals the street around him, appearing to zoom out and so revealing the empty street. It is also clear that this crane shot was done using older, less sophisticated equipment as it appears to shake slightly. In modern films, crane shots are done using more sophisticated equipment which makes them run smoother.
Many shots are often done hand held, where the camera operator holds the camera, and so it isn't mounted on anything. Therefore, hand held shots provide more opportunities to create different camera movements which otherwise would be difficult to achieve. The main disadvantage of recording hand held is that the shots may appear shaky. This may be desired, as in the case of action or thriller films which often use shaky shots to create drama.
An example of a handheld shot is shown in this video, from 0:42 - 1:15, which is a clip from Children of Men (2006).
From 0:42, a handheld shot can be seen in Children of Men. This shot accentuates the mood of the scene, as it is very shaky with rapid movements. Therefore, this heightens the action which is terrorist attacks and shootings, the camera moving from inside the building. The camera also provides a point of view shot as it appears as though it is recording how the character would actually view and react to the action because of the rapid movements. Overall, the shaky hand held movements intensify the violence occuring in the scene.
Camera operators often use steady cam, which is a device which mounts on a camera and which the camera operator attaches to themselves, which enables smoother shots.
An example of a film using steadicam is from 1:16 - 1:30, showing a clip of Atonement (2007).
The visual clue that the shot from 1:16 of Atonement was filmed through steadycam is that there is no track appearing on the ground, which is what would of happened if this shot was filmed through dolly and track. This shot captures the movements of the two characters as they walk along the battlefield whilst also showing the huge scale of the battlefield, as the camera moves outwards, and so this makes the shot more dramatic.
An extreme wide/long shot is the largest shot size used in film. This shot is often used to establish a scene, by giving a wide view of a location. It doesn't show very detailed information, and so is used primarily to give an impression of a location.
An example of an extreme wide/long shot from Thor.
This shot is significant as the audience can see the location- the burning buildings around Thor. Therefore, this shot is effective when used before a close up of Thor (main character in shot), as the audience are aware of the mise en scene (the burning buildings) and so have greater understanding of the scene.
A wide/long shot usually shows a subject's full body in the frame. This type of shot is used to provide visual information about what the character is wearing, or because their actions are significant enough to be shown in a wide. For example, someone walking or running as well as a fight scene will have wide shots to show the full action.
An example of a long/wide shot Clark in Smallville (Season 6 'Nemesis' episode)
This shot helps establish the scene as Clark was rescued by the caving underground piping system. Therefore, the audience can see the fire fighters working the background as well as see that Clark appears lonely because of the space around him.
A mid shot shows a character from the waist up. This shot is used because the character's gestures (movements with hands) are significant enough to be shown.
An example of a mid shot from The Dark Knight Rises (2012).
This shot provides good visual information that contributes to the scene. For example, the audience are able to see the Joker playing with the cards as he is in shot, as well as his face (although not in great detail like in a close up) as well as the mise en scene (the background). This shot is effective when used in conjunction with close ups of the Joker's card and facial expressions as seen in the movie.
A medium close up shows a character from the shoulders. This is often used to show the character's facial expressions as well as show the background. This shot is commonly used in dialogue scenes, where angle-reverse-angle is used to show both character's facial expressions as they act out the dialogue.
An example of a medium close up of Clark in Smallville (Season 6 'Nemesis' episode)
This shot shows his facial expressions as well as the background, and so is a useful shot when conveying dialogue.
A close up only shows the character's face. This shot is commonly used in all films and television programs, as it shows the viewer the character's facial expressions, which is important in understanding how the character reacts in the film.
A popular example of a close up from Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho.
Close ups are fundamental in horror and thriller films to show the characters reaction. In Psycho, Hitchcock used a close up to illustrate the woman's reactions as she was being attacked. This was very important in creating suspense and terror within the audience, as the audience saw the look of terror and shock on her face, and so understood the situation.
Close ups are also used to convey emotions, as seen in this close up of Saoirse Ronan in The Host
For example, the viewer is able to understand how the character is emotionally feeling, because the close up shows her looking sad. Therefore, this close up provides emotional insight into a character.
Close ups are also used to show detail in objects which may be a significant part of the story. Many action and thriller films use close ups of weapons or other props which are fundamental in the story, or allude to what will happen. For example, a close up of a gun on a table as the character is about to pick it up and use this.
An example of a close up of an object can be seen in this screenshot from Under Seige 2.
This shot is very dramatic, as the audience are able to see the nozzle of the gun as it is about to be fired. This shot was used to show the importance of the gun in the scene, as it is a fundamental part of the action.
Another example for Under Seige 2.
This close up of the knife also creates suspense and drama, as well as showing the importance of the object in the scene.
An extreme close up is used to show significant detail, such as the facial expressions of a character or a significant object used in the film. Therefore, an extreme close up is any shot which shows less than half of a character's face, such as only their eyes or mouth.
An example of an extreme close up from Psycho.
This shot is very significant in the film, as it shows the woman's eyes as she lays dead on the shower floor. This is because the viewer sees her unblinking eyes in this shot, and so it creates a sinister, morbid feeling. This shot also zooms out slowly in the film, therefore providing more information, as it zooms out to her lying on the floor.
A two shot is used to show the dialogue or action between two characters. This shot is also used to show the relationship of two characters, and so helps tell the story. Usually characters in a two shot are also shown in mid shot from the waist shot, although close up two shots can show a feeling of intimacy.
An example of a two shot from The Dark Knight Rising (2012)
This shot is significant as the viewer is able to see the two characters interact with each other, as their gestures are also visible. Also, they appear more intimate.
Another example from The Dark Knight Rising of a two shot.
This two shot differs from the previous one as it doesn't convey a feeling of intimacy. This is because the two characters are stood opposite each other and not side by side, and so this two shot conveys a more sinister feeling, one of conflict.
Angles
An eye level shot is one in which the character's eyes appear at the same level as the camera. This shot therefore shows a more neutral perspective- the character doesn't appear vulnerable as in high angles or intimidating as in low angles. Therefore, eye level shots are commonly used in dialogue scenes between two characters, or to show a neutral power position.
An example of an eye level shot as seen in Pretty Woman
This shot doesn't portray the characters as being vulnerable or intimidating because the camera is at eye level. Therefore, this shot is more neutral and therefore is primarily used to convey their reactions to the other character they are seeing past the camera who isn't in shot
A high angle is where the character's eyes appear lower than the camera. This shot is achieved by tilting the camera downwards. This shot makes a character look more vulnerable, as it denotes a point of view of something which is higher, looking down at the character. Therefore, high angle shots are extensively used in action, thriller and horror films to show the character as being vulnerable to attack.
An example of a high angle shot as seen in Hollyoaks.
This shot is fundamental in providing information to the viewer, as it shows that Texas has fallen from the church tower in the day of her wedding. Therefore, this shot shows her from the perspective of the person who pushed her (Will). Hollyoaks use a lot of high and low angles, as this Soap is more dramatised than Eastenders for example.
In contrast to high angle, a low angle shot is achieved by tilting the camera upwards, making the character's eyes appear above the camera. This shot therefore makes a character look more intimidating, powerful or superior and is used in conjunction with high angle shots to show the relationship between the protagonist and antagonist. It also denotes a point of view of another character looking up at the more superior, intimidating character.
An example of a low angle shot as seen in Quentin Tarantino's Reservoir Dogs.
This shot shows the men as they open the car boot. They look more superior and intimidating, because they appear to be looking down at the person who is supposedly in the car boot. This low angle shot is reminiscent of Quentin Tarantino's usage of low angles in films, as many of his films use this type of shot to denote an intimidating feeling towards the character in shot.
Point of view shots provide visual insights into how a character perceives the action in a scene. Therefore, the camera is placed near the character's eyes and is angled similarly to how the character is looking at the object. This shot is used to show how a character is seeing something, and so the viewer understands more about the character.
An example of a point of view shot as seen in The Royal Tenabaums (2001)
This shot shows the family dinner, and so provides a point of view of the character who is supposedly sitting where the camera is. This is an effective point of view shot, as it shows the four other characters looking at the character weirdly and so shows how they look at him. Therefore the viewer is able to gain insight into the character's situation, because it provides a point of view from the character's perspective. It also makes the scene more entertaining.
Another example of a point of view shot from Force of Evil (1948)
This is a succesful shot, as it shows the action from Frank's point of view as he is being shot. Therefore, this shot makes the scene much more dramatic as the audience are able to see the action from the victim's point of view, and so the shooting looks more brutal.
An angle-reverse-angle or over the shoulder shot, is a type of point of view shot which is commonly used to film dialogue in a scene. It shows each character's facial expressions as well as the other character's shoulders in the foreground, therefore showing viewers that the dialogue is happening between two people.
An example of an angle-reverse-angle shot as seen in Hollyoaks
This shot shows the dialogue between the two characters. The camera would then switch to the other character and so Texas will appear in the foreground. This shot has to follow the 180 degree rule as well.
Movements
A tilt is when the camera rotates vertically, therefore moving from a high angle to a low angle and vice versa. It is often used to create an atmosphere or show a point of view. For example, to show the point of view of a character as they look up from a lower position. Therefore, tilts can be used to follow eye movements of characters in point of view shots.
An example of a tilt from The Other Guys (2010) which can be seen from 6:15 in this video
This tilt shows the two characters as they fall in slow motion from the building. Therefore, this tilt accentuates the height of the building as the characters are falling down, making their fall more dramatic.
A pan is when the camera rotates horizontally, from left to right and vice versa. It is a common technique used to follow the action in a scene, for example panning towards someone running. It is also used to show something which can't be included in one shot or to establish a scene, such as a pan of a cityscape. Pans which are fast often follow the fast action, and so therefore add to the drama. A slow pan creates more suspense as it slowly reveals the information, therefore creating more anticipation.
An example of a pan from Cowboys and Aliens (2011) as seen from 2:30 - 2:57 in this video.
This shot is very dramatic, as it seems as though the pan is never ending, panning across the desert. However, nearer the end, Jake wakes up suddenly, and so the pan is a means to shock the audience because the pan is slow while Jake waking up is very fast.
A tracking shot is when the camera follows the subject, or moves along sideways as opposed to a pan which merely rotates sideways. Therefore, a dolly and track is a common method used to create a tracking shot. Tracking shots often match the pace of the subject as they are moving. A tracking shot can move forwards and backwards as well as sideways, or pan as well, following the subject simultaneously. Another interesting method is zooming and panning at the same time in opposite directions, therefore the background appearing to distort behind the character.
An example of a tracking shot from
A camera can also be mounted on a jib to create vertical and horizontal shots which appear to swoop down on a character. A jib works like a see-saw, with counterweights placed on the opposite arm that the camera is mounted on, therefore providing smoother shots. A jib can convey different effects. For example, a jib moving down towards a character emphasises that they are alone or otherwise vulnerable.
An example of how jibs shots can be used to convey an atmosphere and portray the position of a character.
A crane shot works in much the same way as a jib, except it is usually larger scale. Therefore, a crane shot can move out dramatically from a close up of a character to a wide shot of the whole location. Crane shots are usually used at the end of films.
A famous example of a crane shot, as seen in High Noon (1952)
This shot is very effective, as the camera moves outwards from a mid shot, therefore accentuating the fact that he is alone in the street. This is because it slowly reveals the street around him, appearing to zoom out and so revealing the empty street. It is also clear that this crane shot was done using older, less sophisticated equipment as it appears to shake slightly. In modern films, crane shots are done using more sophisticated equipment which makes them run smoother.
Many shots are often done hand held, where the camera operator holds the camera, and so it isn't mounted on anything. Therefore, hand held shots provide more opportunities to create different camera movements which otherwise would be difficult to achieve. The main disadvantage of recording hand held is that the shots may appear shaky. This may be desired, as in the case of action or thriller films which often use shaky shots to create drama.
An example of a handheld shot is shown in this video, from 0:42 - 1:15, which is a clip from Children of Men (2006).
From 0:42, a handheld shot can be seen in Children of Men. This shot accentuates the mood of the scene, as it is very shaky with rapid movements. Therefore, this heightens the action which is terrorist attacks and shootings, the camera moving from inside the building. The camera also provides a point of view shot as it appears as though it is recording how the character would actually view and react to the action because of the rapid movements. Overall, the shaky hand held movements intensify the violence occuring in the scene.
Camera operators often use steady cam, which is a device which mounts on a camera and which the camera operator attaches to themselves, which enables smoother shots.
An example of a film using steadicam is from 1:16 - 1:30, showing a clip of Atonement (2007).
The visual clue that the shot from 1:16 of Atonement was filmed through steadycam is that there is no track appearing on the ground, which is what would of happened if this shot was filmed through dolly and track. This shot captures the movements of the two characters as they walk along the battlefield whilst also showing the huge scale of the battlefield, as the camera moves outwards, and so this makes the shot more dramatic.
Lighting
Ambient lighting
Ambient lighting refers to the naturally available light, usually from sunlight. Ambient lighting is usually too dull to be used on its own, and so for indoor scenes, three point lighting is the conventional method to light up a character. For outdoor sequences however, ambient lighting is often used alongside a reflector which reflects the light, softening shadows. Most outdoor scenes in films therefore use ambient light, although some use additional outdoor LED lights.
An example of a shot from a film using ambient lighting, from Hollyoaks.
These stills from Texas's murder scene in Hollyoaks successfully captured ambient sunlight, which is often difficult to achieve in British weather. Therefore, the use of reflectors also reflected the light back to the character, making the shots appear almost surreal and very dramatic.
single point
Single point lighting is when only one light is used to illuminate a character. Therefore, this method creates a great deal more shadow than three or five point lighting, and so is often used to create a dramatic effect, such as in thriller and horror films. Also, the subject can be lit from different directions. Lighting from the front makes the character appear brightly lit, creating a shadow behind them while lighting from behind does the opposite, creating a silhouette.
An example of single point lighting from The Dark Knight Rises.
The single light primarily shines on the Joker's face, making his body look very dark and menacing. This is typical of action thrillers, as the villains are often lit through single point to look intimidating.
Single point lighting is when only one light is used to illuminate a character. Therefore, this method creates a great deal more shadow than three or five point lighting, and so is often used to create a dramatic effect, such as in thriller and horror films. Also, the subject can be lit from different directions. Lighting from the front makes the character appear brightly lit, creating a shadow behind them while lighting from behind does the opposite, creating a silhouette.
An example of single point lighting from The Dark Knight Rises.
The single light primarily shines on the Joker's face, making his body look very dark and menacing. This is typical of action thrillers, as the villains are often lit through single point to look intimidating.
three point
Three point lighting is the standard form of lighting for most films and television programs. As seen in the diagram below, the character is lit with three lights. First, a key light is used which is the most powerful light. A fill light softens the shadows that the key light creates, and a back light illuminates the character from behind.
Three point lighting illuminates characters a lot more softly than one point lighting does, as there is less shadow because of the fill and back lights.
This screenshot from Blake Edward's Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961) shows how three point lighting creates a subtle, natural feel.
For example, the images appear well lit and there aren't any harsh shadows. Therefore, the lighting is typical of the genre of this film which is a romantic comedy. The soft shadows in the background add a sense of depth, and also make the scene more meaningul, rather than if there were no shadows at all.
Three point lighting is the standard form of lighting for most films and television programs. As seen in the diagram below, the character is lit with three lights. First, a key light is used which is the most powerful light. A fill light softens the shadows that the key light creates, and a back light illuminates the character from behind.
Three point lighting illuminates characters a lot more softly than one point lighting does, as there is less shadow because of the fill and back lights.
This screenshot from Blake Edward's Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961) shows how three point lighting creates a subtle, natural feel.
For example, the images appear well lit and there aren't any harsh shadows. Therefore, the lighting is typical of the genre of this film which is a romantic comedy. The soft shadows in the background add a sense of depth, and also make the scene more meaningul, rather than if there were no shadows at all.
Five point lighting
Five point lighting is mostly used for filming a green screen sequence, such as for an action scene where special effects are required. The key, fill and back lights are still used on the characters, and two additional lights are used to ensure that the green screen is lit up evenly, ensuring a smoother chroma key.
Five point lighting can be seen clearly in the diagram above.
Five point lighting is mostly used for filming a green screen sequence, such as for an action scene where special effects are required. The key, fill and back lights are still used on the characters, and two additional lights are used to ensure that the green screen is lit up evenly, ensuring a smoother chroma key.
Five point lighting can be seen clearly in the diagram above.
Variations between genres
Lighting often varies between genres in film.
For example, soap operas such as Easters predominantly use ambient lighting although three point lighting is used for their studio scenes, and is done in a way which looks natural, as can be seen in these screenshots.
As seen above, the lighting appears natural and not extremely bright. This is achieved by using softer key lighting and mimicking ambient lighting, as these scenes were filmed in a studio. The last two images of Lauren and Jake appear much darker when compared to the other images, although they still appear natural. Therefore, lighting is used to mimic domestic lighting, the darker lighting appearing more dramatic and menacing, but still realistic, unlike in most movies.
Romantic comedies and lighthearted films usually include more high key lighting to make scenes appear brighter and more intense. Colours appear more intense and shadows are less stark.
Horror and thriller films use lighting to create harsher shadows, showing a menacing, eery setting. Therefore, low key lighting is commonly used, creating stark contrasts and sharper shadows. Lighting is generally dimmer in most horror and thriller films, with a greater contrast between light and shadow.
An example would be Insidious, as seen in these screen shots.
For example, the lighting is very dim and lacks intensity. This creates a very creepy atmosphere, which heightens the viewing experience as horror films primarily aim to intensify fears. Therefore, by using low key lighting to intensify shadows as well as dimming the overall light, Insidious is very dramatic and frightening to the viewer.
Lighting often varies between genres in film.
For example, soap operas such as Easters predominantly use ambient lighting although three point lighting is used for their studio scenes, and is done in a way which looks natural, as can be seen in these screenshots.
As seen above, the lighting appears natural and not extremely bright. This is achieved by using softer key lighting and mimicking ambient lighting, as these scenes were filmed in a studio. The last two images of Lauren and Jake appear much darker when compared to the other images, although they still appear natural. Therefore, lighting is used to mimic domestic lighting, the darker lighting appearing more dramatic and menacing, but still realistic, unlike in most movies.
Romantic comedies and lighthearted films usually include more high key lighting to make scenes appear brighter and more intense. Colours appear more intense and shadows are less stark.
Horror and thriller films use lighting to create harsher shadows, showing a menacing, eery setting. Therefore, low key lighting is commonly used, creating stark contrasts and sharper shadows. Lighting is generally dimmer in most horror and thriller films, with a greater contrast between light and shadow.
An example would be Insidious, as seen in these screen shots.
For example, the lighting is very dim and lacks intensity. This creates a very creepy atmosphere, which heightens the viewing experience as horror films primarily aim to intensify fears. Therefore, by using low key lighting to intensify shadows as well as dimming the overall light, Insidious is very dramatic and frightening to the viewer.
Thrillers and action films may also use lighting to create sharp sillhouettes to make characters appear menacing or to enhance a particular, as seen in this still from Catch me if you can.
For example, this shot appears more dramatic because both characters appear as silhuettes.
Editing
Shot selection
This refers to which shots get used to convey specific sets of action. For example, shots which are most visually pleasing, or which convey the most important information are usually used to represent the action.Matching pace of edit to action
This refers to the pace of the edit in terms of how many different cuts are used to convey a particular set of action.
Variations between genres
Editing varies considerably between genres. For example, action and thriller movies use a great deal more special effects, computer generated imagery and visual filters to heighten the suspense and make the action appear more dramatic.
In dramas and soaps, the editing is more simple, with very limited use of special effects.
Also, the shot selection and pace of edit differs. For example, action and thriller movies use fast paced footage to heighten the intensity of the action such as in a fight scene where there are lots of cuts providing multiple points of view.
On the other hand, soap operas and dramas often use slow, lingering shots to convey an emotional response from the audience, such as a long held shot of a woman crying. Also, using slower shots makes them appear more meaningful, as the audience have time to evaluate the symbolic meaning behind the shots.
In dramas and soaps, the editing is more simple, with very limited use of special effects.
Also, the shot selection and pace of edit differs. For example, action and thriller movies use fast paced footage to heighten the intensity of the action such as in a fight scene where there are lots of cuts providing multiple points of view.
On the other hand, soap operas and dramas often use slow, lingering shots to convey an emotional response from the audience, such as a long held shot of a woman crying. Also, using slower shots makes them appear more meaningful, as the audience have time to evaluate the symbolic meaning behind the shots.
Sound
Internal diegetic
Sound which is apparent in camera and is visually shown through the camera is referred to as diegetic sound. Therefore, foley of people, dialogue, any music playing though a visible device, visible traffic etc, are all examples of internal diegetic sound.External diegetic
External diegetic is any sound which isn't visually represented in frame, but occurs on set. Examples include, external traffic heard from inside a room, voices nearby, footsteps, etc. Therefore, external diegetic can be defined as sounds where the cause of the sound isn't visually apparent.Non-diegetic
Non diegetic sound is any sound which doesn't occur on set, and is instead added in post production. Therefore, any music which wasn't recorded on set but added during editing, any additional sound effects, and voice over are all forms of non- diegetic sounds.Variations between genres
Different genres include different forms of sound.
For example, soap operas such as Eastenders don't include any non-diegetic sound, therefore relying purely on internal and external diegetic sound. This can be seen in this clip.
For example, the sound of traffic outside is external diegetic as the cause of sound isn't in shot. It makes the scene more realistic as well as creating suspense because the sound of sirens is very dramatic and subtly alludes to danger. Other sounds include music from another room in the interior scene, which provides context to the scene, denoting that people are listening to the music nearby. Other notable sounds include the glass smashing and the baby crying which all appear to be diegetic.
The Godfather is a crime drama which uses non- diegetic sound in conjunction with diegetic to show that two scenes are occuring simultaneously, unlike Soap operas such as Eastenders.
For example, in this clip the diegetic sound is the pastor preaching in the church, but the use of cross cutting between this and the mafia gang killing incorporates this sound as non- diegetic, because it is edited into the other scenes. Sound was used in this way to enhance the parallel editing, as it showed the irony between what is happening on the streets in terms of gang killing and the church scene. This use of sound to enhance cross cutting is typical of crime dramas and similar genres such as action and thrillers, as it creates tension and suspense, which is a key component in these genres.
Romantic comedies on the other hand, use music which is light hearted and cheerful to convey a more comedic mood. Scrubs is a popular example of a comedy series which uses voiceover and music to create humour.
For example, music is used at the start of each scene, along with voiceover. This music is also included at important moments, and so it enhances the comedic, lighthearted feel of the program. Voiceover is also used as J.D. talks to the audience about his thoughts and feelings.
In contrast, horrors use intense music to frighten the audience, as seen in Insidious.
For example, silence is a key feature in Insidious, as the sudden burst of dramatic music shocks the audience. Also, external diegetic sounds are not as powerful, although footsteps and objects breaking are intensified through the sound.
For example, soap operas such as Eastenders don't include any non-diegetic sound, therefore relying purely on internal and external diegetic sound. This can be seen in this clip.
For example, the sound of traffic outside is external diegetic as the cause of sound isn't in shot. It makes the scene more realistic as well as creating suspense because the sound of sirens is very dramatic and subtly alludes to danger. Other sounds include music from another room in the interior scene, which provides context to the scene, denoting that people are listening to the music nearby. Other notable sounds include the glass smashing and the baby crying which all appear to be diegetic.
The Godfather is a crime drama which uses non- diegetic sound in conjunction with diegetic to show that two scenes are occuring simultaneously, unlike Soap operas such as Eastenders.
For example, in this clip the diegetic sound is the pastor preaching in the church, but the use of cross cutting between this and the mafia gang killing incorporates this sound as non- diegetic, because it is edited into the other scenes. Sound was used in this way to enhance the parallel editing, as it showed the irony between what is happening on the streets in terms of gang killing and the church scene. This use of sound to enhance cross cutting is typical of crime dramas and similar genres such as action and thrillers, as it creates tension and suspense, which is a key component in these genres.
Romantic comedies on the other hand, use music which is light hearted and cheerful to convey a more comedic mood. Scrubs is a popular example of a comedy series which uses voiceover and music to create humour.
For example, music is used at the start of each scene, along with voiceover. This music is also included at important moments, and so it enhances the comedic, lighthearted feel of the program. Voiceover is also used as J.D. talks to the audience about his thoughts and feelings.
In contrast, horrors use intense music to frighten the audience, as seen in Insidious.
For example, silence is a key feature in Insidious, as the sudden burst of dramatic music shocks the audience. Also, external diegetic sounds are not as powerful, although footsteps and objects breaking are intensified through the sound.
Scripting
The conventions of screenplays:
- Action is explicitly referenced
- One page is equivalent to one minute of screen time
- No references to character's thoughts and feelings
- Characters, scenes and transitions are shown in capital letters
- Dialogue is explicitly referenced, with no directions
These conventions can clearly be seen in the screenplay above. For example, the characters are labeled in block capitals, and the dialogue is concise and doesn't include any direction. Also, the action cues and scene setting paragraphs are very concise, not offering any emotional insight into the character. The use of adjectives and descriptive language is limited. This screen play has been formatted and written in this way because it is easier to read and interpret, and it also gives the Directer greater choice as to how to illustrate the screenplay.
Story building
All films and fictional television programs follow a basic story structure; Setup, conflict, resolution-
- First, there is a main character or in the case of a multi strand narrative, a set of main characters who have a strong want or desire to achieve something.
- There is a trigger to this desire, which kickstarts their journey through the film
- They are faced with an obstacle which may be internal or external, making it difficult for them to achieve what they set out to do
- They set out a plan to overcome this obstacle
- First battle(s)- they attempt to combat the obstacle, but may not succeed the first time.
- They learn something important through the first battle, which enables them to understand how to successfully overcome the obstacle
- Final battle- With the knowlege from the previous battle(s), they go through a final battle, where they successfully defeat the obstacle
- Equilibrium- After the final battle, there is some form of long term or permanent change within the character, or their surroundings
In addition to these eight main story building stages, films often incorporate a moral theme in the story line, which the audience are able to understand and interpret. This makes the film more interesting and engaging with the audience.
All genres of film use these basic story building principles.
In dramas and soap operas such as Eastenders, the main desire is usually relationship or otherwise socially centred. The obstacle therefore may be internal (the character's lack in confidence) or external (their parents, the interest's partner, etc). The battles are with them and the person who is stopping them from achieving what they want, for example with their parents, friends or love interest.
In horror films such as Texas Chainsaw Maasacre, the main desire is for the protagonist to escape or defeat the villain or monster. Therefore, the battle is between them and the antagonist, the permanent change being that the monster is defeated although only one character escapes, as in Texas Chainsaw Massacre.
In crime and mystery films, the desire is to uncover the crime, the opposing force being the lack of evidence or the difficulty in gaining evidence from suspects.
In romantic comedies and comedy dramas, the desire is often trivial but of great value to the character. For example, most romantic comedies centre around a character with a love interest, the film revolving around their often humorous attempts to gain their love. The opposing force is usually their interest already having a partner or being 'out of their league'. The main battle is often between the character and their love interest who may have not reciprocated their love. The new equilibrium would be them gaining their love.
All genres of film use these basic story building principles.
In dramas and soap operas such as Eastenders, the main desire is usually relationship or otherwise socially centred. The obstacle therefore may be internal (the character's lack in confidence) or external (their parents, the interest's partner, etc). The battles are with them and the person who is stopping them from achieving what they want, for example with their parents, friends or love interest.
In horror films such as Texas Chainsaw Maasacre, the main desire is for the protagonist to escape or defeat the villain or monster. Therefore, the battle is between them and the antagonist, the permanent change being that the monster is defeated although only one character escapes, as in Texas Chainsaw Massacre.
In crime and mystery films, the desire is to uncover the crime, the opposing force being the lack of evidence or the difficulty in gaining evidence from suspects.
In romantic comedies and comedy dramas, the desire is often trivial but of great value to the character. For example, most romantic comedies centre around a character with a love interest, the film revolving around their often humorous attempts to gain their love. The opposing force is usually their interest already having a partner or being 'out of their league'. The main battle is often between the character and their love interest who may have not reciprocated their love. The new equilibrium would be them gaining their love.
Scene building
A scene is a unit of action in a story which shows the character facing and obstacle on their journey and either winning or losing the battle to overcome the obstacle. The next scene then follows through this, showing another unit of action, depending on the narrative structure. For example, a linear narrative will follow through to the next scene, while a non linear or multi strand narrative will follow a line of action which isn't sequential.
Scenes all follow this pattern across genres, because a successful scene is one which shows attempts of characters, because audiences are entertained by characters trying and failing to overcome their obstacles.
Scenes all follow this pattern across genres, because a successful scene is one which shows attempts of characters, because audiences are entertained by characters trying and failing to overcome their obstacles.
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